Future Methodologies
for Nordrad and Baltrad
General principles:
- Free national processes allowed – only recommendations given
- Metadata and documentation essential
- Common algorithms should be used as much as possible
- Quality flags at each step attached to the products (for users and ecomet)
To be completed with :
- illustrative examples (to the website)
- more complete descriptions (max 1 page per problem)
- new column of status in member countries to be filled in
Report to be completed by a subgroup: Jörg Seltmann, Daniel Michelson, Elena Saltikoff, Uta Gjertsen
Table 1: Most important problems
|
Problem |
Magni tude
|
Frequency |
Tool, algorithm |
Priority in real time |
Pr in re search |
Doc. coord. |
|
Vertical dBZ profile |
-15.. 40 dB |
Constant, seasonal |
VPRC, multisource, gauge |
*** |
|
FMI |
|
Attenuation by precip. |
0-30 dB |
daily |
Commercial software, |
*** |
|
FMI |
|
Total beam overshooting |
total |
seasonal |
Network density, Scan strategy, External data |
*** |
|
FMI |
|
Sea clutter |
-32..60 dBZ |
Local, weather dependent |
Dual polarization, pattern recognition, dBZ profile Scanning strategy |
*** |
|
SMHI |
|
Ground clutter |
-32..95 dBZ |
Local, always |
Doppler, Clutter map, Statistical, Multisource, |
*** |
|
SMHI |
|
AP clutter |
-32..95 dBZ |
Local and seasonal, weather dependent |
Doppler, statistical, multisource, profile, dual pol, |
** to *** |
*** |
|
|
Hail |
0..30 dB |
Seasonal, local |
Dual pol, multisource |
*** |
*** |
KNMI |
|
Propagation changes |
Through beam blocking |
Locally, weather dependent |
Refractivity analysis |
* to ** |
|
Met.no |
|
Beam blockage |
big |
local |
Software: precipitation accumulation, beam propagation, complaining |
* to *** |
|
Met.no |
|
Gauge adjustment |
Up to 20 dB |
continuous |
intelligent methods |
** |
|
SMHI |
|
Radar siting |
varies |
Ongoing |
design and experience |
|
**** |
FMI |
|
Suboptimal compositing algorithms |
Moderate, sum of others |
continuous |
Unique solutions, 3D compositing quality flagging |
*** |
*** |
FMI |
|
Availability of polar data |
Nationally critical |
2..4 % (..100%) |
Negotiations, Communication, maintenance |
o to *** |
|
SMHI |
|
Orographic enhancement and lee effects |
0..20 dB ? |
local |
Multisource, climatology |
o to ** |
*** |
|
|
Hardware |
|
Age-dependent |
Maintenance, upgrades |
* to *** |
|
|
|
Absence of metadata |
tragical |
continuous |
(Self) discipline, file format, product design, OPERA database |
* |
*** |
opera |
|
Meteorological algorithms |
Pressure to strategies |
growing |
Co-operation, education, multisource |
** |
*** |
ERAD |
|
Data assimilation to models |
Pressure to strategies |
daily |
Co-operation, dialog, multisource |
** |
*** |
Cost 717 |
Table 2: Medium problems
|
Problem |
Magni tude |
Frequency |
Tool, algorithm |
Priority in real time |
Pr in re search |
|
|
Birds |
-10…20 dBZ |
seasonal |
Pattern recognition, dBZ threshold, Special interest group, User training |
** |
|
|
|
Overhanging precipitation |
Moderate -10..30 dBZ |
daily |
Network density, VPRC, multisource |
** |
|
|
|
Interfering emitters, jamming |
-32.. 95 dBZ |
Local, occasional |
Interference filter in DSP, pattern rec., laws(#3), SQI |
** |
|
|
|
Wet radome attenuation |
0-6 dB |
< 7% |
HW experiment, AWS + Time series analysis |
** |
|
|
|
Attenuation by icy, sleety, salty or dirty radome |
medium |
locally |
Washing, coating, training, heating |
** |
|
|
|
Infrastructure: electricity, tower structure |
hours, 0.2 degrees, several dB |
Siting dependent |
UPS, tower structure |
** |
|
|
|
Water phase |
7 dB |
constant |
Software, multisource, dual pol |
** |
|
|
|
Miscalibration |
2 dB |
Continuous |
Monitoring |
** |
|
|
|
Pointing error (elevation) |
0.1.. 0.5 deg |
Age, design dependent |
Monitoring, maintenance |
** |
|
|
|
Z (R, S) |
25 dB bias 0..2 dB |
continuous |
Prec. type recognition, dual pol, EGPM, multisource |
** |
|
|
|
Ships |
up to 80 dBZ |
local |
pattern recognition |
** |
|
|
|
Scan strategy |
Not applicable |
N/A |
User negotiations, Metadata, documentation, Upgrades |
** |
|
|
|
Second trips (Cb + AP) |
-20..+30 dBZ |
Seasonal |
SQI, low PRF, whitening, phase control |
* to ** |
|
|
Table 3: Minor problems
|
Problem |
Magni tude |
Frequency |
Tool, algorithm |
Priority in real time |
Pry in re search |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sidelobes |
-20.. +30 dBZ |
See others |
Antenna design, siting |
* |
|
|
|
Chaff |
20..60 dBZ |
Weekly to monthly |
Complain, multisource, Pattern recognition |
* |
|
|
|
Windmills |
Up to |
local |
Building permissions, Clutter mapping |
* |
|
|
|
Dry radome attenuation |
Small ? |
always |
HW experiment, Factory constant |
* |
|
|
|
Attenuation by gases |
0..3 dB |
always |
Solved |
* |
|
|
|
Attenuation by clouds |
0..4 dB ? |
Hourly ? |
Neglected |
* |
|
|
|
Insects |
-32 to 12 dBZ |
Local, seasonal |
Dual pol, pattern recognizon, dBZ threshold |
* |
|
|
|
Sun |
-30..3 dBZ |
daily |
SQI, pattern recognizion, dBZ threshold, V |
* |
|
|
|
Specular reflections (Neighbors) |
-32.. 50 dBZ |
Local |
Politics (preventive action) , sector blinding, motion vector analysis |
* |
|
|
|
Forest fires, volcanic ash |
up to 50 dBZ |
very rare |
neglected |
o |
|
|
|
Bragg scattering from clear air |
-32..-20 dBZ |
always |
neglected |
o |
|
|
|
Clouds |
-32..-15 dBZ |
always |
neglected |
o |
|
|
|
Aircraft in noise samples |
huge |
Very rare |
Neglected |
(*) |
|
|
|
Flare echo |
10 dBZ |
once |
neglected |
o |
|
|